The multi-omics data for 33 cancer types of TCGA were downloaded from the UCSC Xena database, which included gene expression RNAseq (n = 9733), DNA methylation (n = 8349), copy number (n = 9419), and somatic mutation (n = 8393).

TCGA

The expression and DNA methylation profiles of human normal tissues were collected from the GTEx project.

GTEx Expression

GTEx Methylation

The multi-omics data for 33 cancer types of ICGC were downloaded from the ICGC Data Portal, which included gene expression RNAseq (n = 1985), DNA methylation (n = 896), copy number (n = 1381), and somatic mutation (n = 7830).

ICGC

Gene sets for twelve aging hallmarks were collected from the Aging Atlas database, which included altered intercellular communication, cellular senescence, deregulated nutrient sensing, epigenetic alterations, genomic Instability, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, NF-κB related gene, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, stem cell exhaustion, telomere attrition, and others.

Aging Hallmarks

Gene sets for ten cancer hallmarks were collected from literature, which included evading apoptosis, evading immune detection, genome instability and mutation, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, limitless replicative potential, reprogramming energy metabolism, self-sufficiency in growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, and tumor-promoting inflammation.

Cancer Hallmarks

Gene sets for seventeen immune pathways were collected from ImmPort, which included antigen processing and presentation, antimicrobials, BCR signaling pathway, chemokine receptors, chemokines, cytokine receptors, cytokines, interferons, interferons receptors, interleukins, interleukins receptors, natural killer cell, TCR signaling pathway, TGF-β family members, TGF-β family members receptors, TNF family members, and TNF family members receptors.

Immune Pathways

Gene sets for eight immune signature were collected from literature, which included immune checkpoints, HLA, TILs, Macrophages, Lymphocyte, TGF-β, IFN, and Wound healing.

Immune Signature